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"Fijałkowski, Krzysztof"
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Bio-Based Waste’ Substrates for Degraded Soil Improvement—Advantages and Challenges in European Context
The area of degraded sites in the world is constantly expanding and has been a serious environmental problem for years. Such terrains are not only polluted, but also due to erosion, devoid of plant cover and organic matter. The degradation trends can be reversed by supporting remediation/reclamation processes. One of the possibilities is the introduction of biodegradable waste/biowaste substrates into the soil. The additives can be the waste itself or preformed substrates, such composts, mineral-organic fertilizers or biochar. In EU countries average value of compost used for land restoration and landfill cover was equal 4.9%. The transformation of waste in valuable products require the fulfillment of a number of conditions (waste quality, process conditions, law, local circumstances). Application on degraded land surface bio-based waste substrates has several advantages: increase soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrient content, biodiversity and activity of microbial soil communities and change of several others physical and chemical factors including degradation/immobilization of contaminants. The additives improve the water ratio and availability to plants and restore aboveground ecosystem. Due to organic additives degraded terrains are able to sequestrate carbon and climate mitigate. However, we identified some challenges. The application of waste to soil must comply with the legal requirements and meet the end of use criteria. Moreover, shorter or long-term use of bio-waste based substrate lead to even greater soil chemical or microbial contamination. Among pollutants, “emerging contaminants” appear more frequently, such microplastics, nanoparticles or active compounds of pharmaceuticals. That is why a holistic approach is necessary for use the bio-waste based substrate for rehabilitation of soil degraded ecosystems.
Journal Article
Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Early Diagnosis and Seasonal Monitoring in the Sewage Treatment Process by EMA-qPCR Method
Numerous studies have recently shown that molecular biology tools can allow for early diagnosis of pathogens and can substitute existing cost and time-taking traditional methods. One of them, the qPCR, is successfully used in microbiology and its utility has been assessed for many different biological materials. The aim of this study was to: 1) determine, optimize and apply qPCR as a method to detect Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in primary influents and final effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plant 2) define if addition of ethidium bromide monoazide (EMA) before DNA extraction can allow to distinguish between alive and dead bacteria, 3) quantify E. coli and Salmonella spp. in wastewater during four seasons by qPCR and traditional spread plate method and determine the correlation between the indicator and pathogenic microorganisms. The obtained results has shown that qPCR can be used as a quantitative method in the diagnosis of investigated bacteria in wastewater with EMA pretreatment as a crucial step for a proper quantitative analysis of the presence of these bacteria in wastewater. Both E. coli and Salmonella spp. bacteria species were present in all samples of primary influents and final effluents. Our study shown that the quantity of investigated bacteria is strictly correlated with the season that they were obtained in.
Journal Article
The Effect of ＂Trichoderma＂ on Heavy Metal Mobility and Uptake by ＂Miscanthus giganteus, Salix sp＂., ＂Phalaris arundinacea＂, and ＂Panicum virgatum
The effect of land application of biomaterials based on two strains of Trichoderma fungus on phytoremediation processes was studied. Six metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ni) were analysed in soil and soil leachate as well as in plant tissues. The translocation index (Ti) and metal bioconcentration factors (BCF) calculated for the inoculated plants were increased compared to the noninoculated control, except for Pb and Salix sp. Simultaneously, the mobilisation of metals in soil solution as an effect of biomaterials was noted. The highest values of Ti—339% (for Cr), 190% (for Ni), and 110% (for Cu)—were achieved for the combination Miscanteus giganteus and Trichoderma MSO1. The results indicated that the application of fungus has positive effects on increasing the biomass, soil parameters (C, N, and P), and solubility of heavy metals in soil and therefore in enhancing phytoextraction for Miscanthus giganteus L., Panicum virgatum L., Phalaris arundinacea L., and Salix sp.
Journal Article
Dada and Surrealism in Central and Eastern Europe
This chapter deals first with Dada, then with Surrealism, and in each case considers examples country by country. The reception of Dada in territories such as the USSR, Georgia, and the Ukraine are a case in point. While individuals and groups here adopted the word as a label only occasionally, deeper trends around play, humor, iconoclasm, rebellion, and the absurd manifested themselves repeatedly in progressive literature, art, and typography, predating Dada proper but also outliving it by many years. Surrealist activity in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was in effect confined to a single location, Belgrade in Serbia. Of all of the Central and Eastern European territories, perhaps Yugoslavia can lay clearest claim to a place in the mainstream history of Dada. Czechoslovak Surrealism traces its origins to indigenous sources as well as external influence.
Book Chapter
New Class of Antimicrobial Agents: SBA-15 Silica Containing Anchored Copper Ions
The paper is about a new class of antimicrobial functional nanomaterials. Proposed compounds are based on SBA-15 porous silica matrices and contain anchored copper ions. Thanks to the immobilization of functional groups the compounds are safer for environment than commonly used disinfectant agents. We prepared and examined silica based materials containing two concentrations of copper-containing groups: 10 and 5%. For the reference we prepared samples containing free-standing CuO molecules in the structure and checked their antimicrobial properties. Antibacterial effect of considered SBA-15-Cu material was tested on Escherichia coli bacteria. Antimicrobial tests were applied for the pure form of the material and as modifying agents for plastics. The obtained results showed that the sample with lower concentration of active copper-containing groups has stronger antimicrobial properties than the one with higher concentration of copper. Interestingly, silica containing free-standing CuO molecules has no antimicrobial properties. Considering the obtained results, we can conclude that the most probable antimicrobial mechanism in this case is an oxidation stress. When a plastic modifier is applied the material is enriched with bacterial inhibitory properties. It seems that SBA-15 silica containing low concentration of anchored copper ions is promising in terms of its antibacterial property and biomaterial potential for commercial use.
Journal Article
Surrealism and Architecture
This is a historically informed examination of architecture's perceived absence in surrealist thought, surrealist tendencies in the theories and projects of modern architecture, and the place of surrealist thought in contemporary design. This book represents current insights into surrealism in the thought and practice of modern architecture. In these essays, the role of the subconscious, the techniques of defamiliarization, aesthetic and social forces affecting the objects, interiors, cities and landscapes of the twentieth century are revealed. The book contains a diversity of voices from across modern art and architecture to bring into focus what is often overlooked in the histories of the modernist avant-garde. This collection examines the practices of writers, artists, architects, and urbanists with emphasis on a critique of the everyday world-view, offering alternative models of subjectivity, artistic effect, and the production of meanings in the built world.
eBook
From Sorcery to Silence: The Objects of Gherasim Luca
Gherasim Luca is a surrealist poet from Romania who moved to Paris in 1952, and his work is little known outside of the Romanian and French surrealist community. His partly descriptive, partly poetic text, 'Le Vampire passif' (1941), exemplifies the external object orientation of the Romanian surrealists and the influence which Parisian surrealism had on them, particular Salvador Dali and Breton. The first part explores the making and giving of objects as powerful signs of relationships, while the second part examines the relationship between self (subject) and object.
Journal Article
